The Museum

Kenosha, Wisconsin - Kenosha Civil War Museum

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoxwb6kVhwLXfu4o5jBE3YOI4sbGgdTR53py5Vb3oLF_YisbUZIxsk3ZbREhptYejMNqIhFDeMdoXuioSUBcOWzvlF5DlFTFyDCXQ7rLWqEvSZ1rrwaR2ixT5tJppN96O8siME8bgCLFM/s1600/250px-Kenosha%2527s_Lakefront-722971.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6143788469793078402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoxwb6kVhwLXfu4o5jBE3YOI4sbGgdTR53py5Vb3oLF_YisbUZIxsk3ZbREhptYejMNqIhFDeMdoXuioSUBcOWzvlF5DlFTFyDCXQ7rLWqEvSZ1rrwaR2ixT5tJppN96O8siME8bgCLFM/s320/250px-Kenosha%2527s_Lakefront-722971.jpg" /></a>Kenosha /kÉ›ËˆnoÊŠËŒÊƒÉ'Ë/ is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County in State of Wisconsin. With an estimated population of 99,889 as of July 1, 2013, Kenosha is the fourth-largest city in Wisconsin. Kenosha is also the fourth-largest city on Lake Michigan, preceded by Chicago, Milwaukee, and Green Bay. Kenosha lies on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, 35 miles (56Â km) south of Milwaukee and 50 miles north of Chicago. Kenosha is part of the U.S. Census Bureau's Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. <h2>Geography</h2> Kenosha is located in the southeastern corner of Wisconsin at 42Â°34â€²56â€³N 87Â°50â€²44â€³W (42.582220, -87.845624). Kenosha's eastern boundary is Lake Michigan. It is bordered by the Town of Somers to the north, the village of Bristol to the west and the village of Pleasant Prairie to the south. Kenosha's passenger train station is the last stop on Chicago's Union Pacific North Metra Line and is located almost halfway between Milwaukee and Chicago. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 27.03 square miles (70.01Â km2), of which, 26.93 square miles (69.75Â km2) is land and 0.10 square miles (0.26Â km2) is water. <h2>Demographics</h2> <img alt="Kenosha County, Wisconsin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Kenosha County is a county located in the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 166,426. Its county seat Â ..." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Kenosha_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Kenosha_County.svg.png" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin - Kenosha County, Wisconsin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> In 1999, the Wisconsin Legislature enacted a law requiring each municipality to produce a comprehensive plan. Kenosha, however, has been creating comprehensive plans since 1925. The most recent Kenosha plan projects: <ul><li>an increase in business and corporate land use by 268 percent, from 673 acres (2.72Â km2) to 1,804 acres (7.30Â km2) between 2000 and 2035.</li> <li>an additional 11,586 housing units by 2035.</li> <li>14,830 jobs, an increase of 34 percent from 2000.</li> </ul><h3>2010 census</h3> As of the census of 2010, there were 99,218 people, 37,376 households, and 24,090 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,684.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,422.5/km2). There were 40,643 housing units at an average density of 1,509.2 per square mile (582.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 77.1% White, 10.0% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.8% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.3% of the population. There were 37,376 households of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 15.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.17. The median age in the city was 33.5 years. 26.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.3% were from 25 to 44; 23.2% were from 45 to 64; and 10.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The 2010 census reported that the city's population is mainly newcomers, with 51 percent of Kenosha residents having moved from other cities and states. The Chamber of Commerce attributed this to the city's world-class museums, lakeshore attractions, cultural and work opportunities, its quality public-school system, transportation amenities, and relatively lower costs-of-living. <h3>2000 census</h3> As of the census of 2000, there were 90,352 people, 34,411 households, and 22,539 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,795.1 people per square mile (1,465.1/kmÂ²). There were 36,004 housing units at an average density of 1,512.3 per square mile (583.8/kmÂ²). The racial makeup of the city was 83.64% White, 7.68% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 4.83% from other races and 2.38% from two or more races. 9.96% of the population were Hispanic or of any race. 25.5% were of German, 11.5% Italian, 7.1% Irish and 6.6% Polish ancestry. There were 34,411 households out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them: 47.1% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 34.5% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.13. In the city the population included 27.2% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males. <h2>History</h2> <img alt="Kenosha, Wisconsin | Discover All the Things to Do in Kenosha WI ... - Unexpected fun, excitement and relaxation await you in Kenosha, Wisconsin!" src="http://www.visitkenosha.com/sites/default/files/image-gallery/images/img_orsonplaque.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin - Kenosha, Wisconsin | Discover All the Things to Do in Kenosha WI ..."> Pre-Clovis culture settlements were discovered in the greater Kenosha area in the late 20th century. These prehistoric settlements date approximately to the era of the Wisconsin glaciation. Paleo Indians first settled in the area at least 13,500 years ago. The Potawatomi originally named the area gnozhÃ© ("place of the pike"). The early name by the Ojibwa Indians is reported as Masu-kinoja. This describes the place of spawning trout as "trout (pike) come all at same time". There were thousands of fish entering the rivers from Lake Michigan. Harvesting these fish provided food for the coming months. There is also a town of Masu-kegan in Michigan. The first white settlers were part of the Western Emigration Company. They arrived in the early 1830s from Hannibal and Troy, New York, led by John Bullen, Jr., who sought to purchase enough land for a town. Thwarted in Milwaukee and Racine, the group arrived at Pike Creek on 6 June 1835, building log and later frame homes. The first school and churches followed by 1835, with platting completed in 1836. As more settlers arrived and the first post office was established, the community was first known as Pike Creek in 1836. In the ensuing years the area became an important Great Lakes shipping port, and the village was once again renamed in 1837, this time to Southport. (This is still the name of a southeast-side neighborhood, park, and elementary school, as well as several businesses). In 1850, another change brought the growing city (and later Kenosha County) its current title, an Anglicized version of the early name Kinoje. Kenoshans often refer affectionately to their city as "K-Town" and "Keno" (the latter adopted by some local businesses). Between 1902 and 1988, Kenosha produced millions of automobiles and trucks under marques such as Jeffery, Rambler, Nash, Hudson, LaFayette, and American Motors Corporation (AMC). A prototype steam car was built in Kenosha by the Sullivan-Becker engineering firm in 1900. Two years later the Thomas B. Jeffery Company, builders of the Sterling bicycle, began production of the Rambler runabout. In 1902 Rambler and Oldsmobile were the first cars to employ mass-production techniques. The 1902 Rambler was also the first automobile to incorporate a steering wheel, rather than use the then-common tiller-controlled steering. In 1916 Jeffery was purchased by auto executive Charles W. Nash and became Nash Motors. In May 1954, Nash acquired Detroit-based Hudson and the new firm was named American Motors Corporation. A 47-acre (190,000Â m2) west side park and an elementary school are named for Charles W. Nash. In partnership with French automaker Renault, AMC manufactured several models in Kenosha in the early 1980s including the Alliance, which won the 1983 â€œCar of The Yearâ€ award from Motor Trend magazine. Two decades earlier, AMC's 1963 Rambler Classic had also received the award. In 1987 Renault sold its controlling interest in AMC to Chrysler Corporation, which had already contracted with AMC for the production of its M-body mid-sized cars at the Kenosha plant. The AMC Lakefront plant (1960â€"88), a smaller facility, was demolished in 1990 (a chimney-demolition ceremony that June drew 10,000 spectators) and was redeveloped into upscale HarborPark, with its rambling lakeside condominiums, large recreational marina, water park and promenades, artworks, sculptures, fountains (including the 2007 Christopher Columbus fountain), the Kenosha Public Museum, which opened in 2000, and the Civil War Museum, which opened in 2008, all connected by the Kenosha Electric Railway streetcar system. From the start of the 20th century through the 1930s, many Italian, Irish, Polish and German immigrants, many of them skilled craftsmen, made their way to the city and contributed to the city's construction, culture, architecture, music and literature. Kenosha has 21 locations and three districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places including the Library Park, Third Avenue, and the Civic Center historic districts. The city has a Kenosha Landmarks Commission, and among the many local city-designated landmarks are the 1929 YMCA at 711 59th Place, the Manor House at 6536 Third Avenue, the John McCaffary House at 5732 13th Court, the St. Matthew Episcopal Church at 5900 Seventh Avenue, the Washington Park Clubhouse at 2205 Washington Road, and the Justin Weed House at 3509 Washington Road. In June 1993, the city installed reproductions of the historic Sheridan LeGrande street lights that were specially designed for Kenosha by Westinghouse Electric in 1928; these can be seen on Sixth Avenue between 54th Street and 59th Place. A classic two-mile (3Â km) downtown electric streetcar system was opened on June 17, 2000, and on September 22nd, 2014 the Kenosha city council approved a crosstown extension of the system incorporating the existing route between 48th and 61st Streets on both Sixth and Eighth Avenues. <h2>Law and government</h2> <img alt="Comfort Inn & Suites - Hotel in Kenosha, WI - Stay today! - Book a room at the Comfort Inn & Suites hotel in Kenosha, WI. This Kenosha hotel near Six Flags Great America and Lake Michigan offers free breakfast." src="http://www.comfortinn.com/media/eBrochure/ebrochure/WI/WI056/WI056A1.JPG" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin - Comfort Inn & Suites - Hotel in Kenosha, WI - Stay today!"> Kenosha has a mayor, who is the chief executive, and a city administrator, who is the chief operating officer. The mayor is elected every four years. The city's Common Council consists of 17 aldermen from Kenosha's 17 districts (each district having several wards), elected for two-year terms in even-numbered years. Currently, the Mayor of Kenosha is Keith Bosman serving since 2008. Previously, the Mayor of Kenosha for four terms beginning in April 1992 was John Martin Antaramian, the longest-serving mayor in the city's history. In late 2006, Antaramian was awarded the Robert B. Bell, Sr. Best Public Partner Award for his advocacy towards quality real estate development. He was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Kenosha is represented by Paul Ryan (R) in the United States House of Representatives, and by Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) in the United States Senate. Robert Wirch (D) represents Kenosha in the Wisconsin State Senate, and Peter Barca (D) and Tod Ohnstad (D) represent Kenosha in the Wisconsin State Assembly. <h2>Economy</h2> Kenosha, decades ago a bustling hub of manufacturing, is today a bedroom community due to the ease of access to the Chicago-Milwaukee corridor. According to county statistics, 49% of Kenosha's workforce commutes outside of Kenosha County to their positions. Many travel northward towards Milwaukee or south into the Chicago area. Kenoshans consider neighboring communities Pleasant Prairie and Somers to be suburbs of Kenosha. Kenosha's poverty rate is sharply lower than the state average, while its median household income exceeds the state average. On Tuesday, August 29, 2006 the Census Bureau reported that the 2005 poverty rate was a point and a half below the statewide rate of the 10.2 statewide rate and further below the 12.6 nationwide rate. A June 2009 study by the Milken Institute ("North America's High-Tech Economy: The Geography of Knowledge-Based Industries") reported that Kenosha placed in the national top-50 high-tech economies. The Public Policy Forum reported that Kenosha's personal-income levels have been sharply rising; the latest local gain stands at $30.3 million, in contrast to a personal-income drop of $434 million within other adjoining southeastern-Wisconsin communities (except for neighboring Walworth County, which had a $3.3 million gain in the latest statistics.) The Kenosha Board of Realtors reported on March 24, 2010 that Kenosha-area home sales were outpacing the national home-sales trends for most of 2009 and into the new decade. Much of this increase is attributable to the constant influx of newer residents from northern Illinois into higher-priced new developments at the edge of the city. Today, Kenosha's employment demographics are mainly white-collar. The city's largest employer is the multi-level educational system including the Kenosha public schools, UW-Parkside and several colleges, and Kenosha's largest private employer is Abbott Laboratories in Abbott Park, Illinois which recently purchased 400 acres (1.6Â km2) land within Kenosha County at Highways C at Interstate 94. Many more are employed at three large hospitals and their satellite campuses. <h3>Business and industry</h3> Snap-on Tools world headquarters and Jockey International corporate headquarters are located in Kenosha. In decades past, Kenosha also hosted a number of manufacturing firms, among them American Brass (later Outokumpu Copper/Outokumpu American Brass Company), Simmons Bedding Company, the Samuel Lowe publishing firm, Kenosha Full Fashioned Mills, Solar Lamp Company, the MacWhyte Wire Rope Company, Dynamatic, Frost Company, G. LeBlanc, and American Motors Corporation. Most of these facilities have long since been cleared and the real-estate converted into parklands, high-end residential developments, commercial shopping districts, a school campus, or held in land-banking. Kenosha also has a number of light industrial and distribution companies, nearly all located in business parks outside the city. <h3>Tourism</h3> Tourism has a significant and growing impact on Kenosha's economy. According to the Kenosha Convention and Visitors Bureau, 2006 Kenosha-area tourism expenditures reached a record $222.5 million, which translated into approximately 5,220 full-time-job equivalents. During 2007, the Kenosha-area revenue from tourism rose to a record $224.6 million (or a 5,267 full-time-job equivalency) despite a 1.4% statewide tourism slowdown. Kenosha's tourism activity and revenue is now within the top 20% of all of Wisconsin's 72 counties. Surveys show that most visitors to Kenosha shop at nearby Pleasant Prairie's Prime Outlets strip mall, which contains factory outlets for a diverse mix of retailers, and stay at local hotels and motels, while the city's extensive Lake Michigan beaches and HarborPark facilities attract 36% of all tourists, and 34.1% use the municipal streetcar line. Kenosha-area tourism saw growth in 2008 despite the national economic downturn, bringing in a record $225.2 million, an increase of $600,000 over 2007 and a 147% increase since 1994. This placed Greater Kenosha in 14th place for tourism among Wisconsin's 72 counties in 2008. This is thought to be because of an increase in nearby, short vacations, or staycations, due to the economic downturn, with Kenosha attracting residents of the nearby Milwaukee and Chicago areas. The Kenosha Public Museum System includes the main Kenosha Public Museum, the Dinosaur Discovery Museum in association with Carthage College and the Smithsonian, and the Kenosha Civil War Museum. On Simmons Island, the Kenosha History Center and adjacent Maritime Museum offer memorabilia from the city's past. Other popular tourism sites include the Jelly Belly Visitor Center store and factory tours, and the Mars Cheese Castle with Wisconsin-related products. The Kenosha HarborMarket is a European-style Farmer's Market, held mid-May through mid-October on Second Avenue between 54th and 56th Streets and the Place de Douai. It hosts over 100 stalls with cheeses, vegetables, fruits, and other local food products fresh and prepared, and artisans' creations from soaps to fine art. In winter the Kenosha HarborMarket moves indoors to the lobby of the Rhode Center of the Arts from mid-October through mid-May, excepting January and February. <h3>Real estate and housing</h3> The number of households in Kenosha County increased by nearly 80% from 1990 to 2005, indicating the community is rapidly expanding to accommodate new businesses and employees in the Kenosha area. Number of households: <ul><li>1990: 47,029</li> <li>2000: 56,057</li> <li>2005: 58,715</li> </ul>2005 housing statistics: <ul><li>Total housing units: 67,568</li> <li>Owner occupied: 42,197</li> <li>Median value of homes: $167,500</li> <li>Renter occupied: 16,518</li> <li>Median rent paid: $722</li> <li>Rental vacancy rate: 11.1%</li> </ul>In March 2008, the Public Policy Forum reported that Kenosha's real-estate valuations rose by 7.6%, most likely as a result of heavy migration by Chicago professionals who have resettled in Kenosha. <h2>Transportation</h2> Kenosha has been served by rail service to and from Chicago since May 19, 1855, when the predecessors to the Chicago and North Western Railway, the Milwaukee and Chicago Railway Company (originally the Illinois Parallel Railroad) and the original "Lake Shore Railroad" (later the Green Bay, Milwaukee and Chicago Railway) were officially joined with great ceremony just south of today's 52nd Street. Passenger service began on May 28, 1866, and it continues to the present day. Kenosha has the only Metra station in Wisconsin, with nine inbound and nine outbound trains each weekday. Passenger ridership on the Kenosha line was up by a slight 0.06% in 2009, while elsewhere on the 11-route Metra system, passenger counts dropped by 5.2 percent. Not all Union Pacific/North Line trains terminate and originate in Kenosha. Most of them terminate at Waukegan, Illinois, to the south of Kenosha. Since June 2000, a 2-mile (3Â km) streetcar line has served the downtown area and HarborPark, connecting the Metra station with downtown and several area parks. Kenosha is one of the smallest cities in America with any type of streetcar system today. In 2013, the city council authorized expansion of streetcar service in order to connect the city's downtown with other lakeshore areas and public attractions and landmarks. In addition to a streetcar line, Kenosha has a city bus network that includes eight routes. Kenosha was the first city to color-code transit routes (with the Blue, Green, Red, and Orange Lines), and also the first city to use electric trolley buses in full transit service, both occurring on February 14, 1932. Kenosha is served by two intercity bus systems. Wisconsin Coach Lines buses stop in front of the city's Metra station, connecting riders to Racine, Milwaukee, and the O'Hare International Airport in western Chicago, and difficult to get to by train. The Western Kenosha County Transit Route 1 stops at Southport Plaza, connecting riders to smaller area towns such as Twin Lakes, Paddock Lake, Bristol, and Salem. By highway, Kenosha is served mainly by Interstate 94 which connects Chicago with Milwaukee, and thence west to the state capitol, Madison, Wisconsin. By passenger train, Kenosha is also served by Amtrak's Hiawatha Line service (from the Sturtevant station in Racine County to the north, just 14 miles (23Â km) from downtown), with trains between Chicago and Milwaukee seven times daily. The Hiawatha serves commuters from Kenosha who work in either one of these two large cities. In Kenosha County, numbered streets run east-west and numbered avenues north-south, with street numbering commencing with First Street on Kenosha County's northern border (County Trunk Highway KR) rather than at the city's center. ("Roads" are diagonal thoroughfares, "Courts" are short north-south avenues, and "Places" are short east-west streets.) The downtown area of Kenosha is located between 50th and 60th Streets. Avenue numbers increase as one heads west from the lakefront. This numbering system continues through all of Kenosha County, ending at 408th Avenue to the west at the Kenosha-Walworth County line, while north-south roads end at the Illinois state line at 128th Street. <h2>Education</h2> <h3>Higher education</h3> Kenosha is home to the University of Wisconsin-Parkside with over 5,000 students, Carthage College with over 2,500 students, and Gateway Technical College. Concordia University Wisconsin, Cardinal Stritch University, and National-Louis University all maintain Kenosha branch campuses. In 2009, Herzing University opened its new Kenosha campus. <h3>Public schools</h3> The Kenosha Unified School District operates 23 public elementary schools, five middle schools, seven charter schools, and six major high schools: Mary D. Bradford High School, George Nelson Tremper High School, Indian Trail High School and Academy, Lakeview Tech Academy, Reuther Central High School and Harborside Academy, the latter a research school that uses the Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound model; it was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 80% of Kenosha's fourth-graders score 'proficient' and 'advanced' grades on reading tests, according to National Assessment of Educational Progress tests. According to the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, Kenosha's 2008 public-school graduation rate of 84.1% was ahead of the national average. <h3>Private schools</h3> Kenosha also has a number of parochial schools and independent academies, including St. Joseph Catholic Academy (4K- 12), All Saints Catholic School (preschool - 8), Bethany Lutheran School, Friedens Lutheran School, Christ Lutheran Academy, Kenosha Montessori School, Shoreland Lutheran High School, and Christian Life School. At the beginning of the 2011-2012 school year, St. Mary's and Holy Rosary became the two campuses of All Saints Catholic School. Both campuses operate as the same school with the same principal. St. Marks and St. Joseph High School have also done the same, conjoining to become Saint Joseph Catholic Academy. K-6 grades at the lower campus, and 7-12 grades at the upper campus. The Prairie School (PS-12, 700 Student, Independent College Prep School) in nearby Racine enrolls many students from Kenosha. These combinations are due to steep enrollment drops in the recent years. A number of professional schools are also located within the city. <h3>Libraries</h3> The Kenosha Public Library, which is part of the Kenosha County Library System, operates in four locations throughout the city. Daniel H. Burnham designed the 1900 Beaux-Arts architectured Gilbert M. Simmons Library, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. <h2>Health care</h2> Since 1992 Kenosha has hosted the Michael E. DeBakey Heart Institute of the Kenosha Hospital & Medical Center, established in tribute to DeBakeyâ€™s pioneering efforts in cardiovascular surgery. <h2>Media</h2> The primary newspaper of Kenosha County is the Kenosha News, a broadsheet with circulation of around 23,000 copies. Happenings Magazine is an ad supported entertainment publication distributed at local businesses since 1978, they also publish The Smart Reader, Homes Plus, as well as other seasonal event-orientated magazines. Kenosha is considered as part of the Milwaukee television market by A.C. Nielsen, but due to a commuter population, Kenosha is also served by Chicago's television stations, which are carried by Time Warner Cable in addition to Milwaukee stations. Arbitron classifies Kenosha as part of the Chicago radio market. Five major radio stations broadcast from Kenosha: News/Talk/Oldies WLIP (1050 AM), Gateway Technical College's WGTD (91.1 FM), a member station of the Wisconsin Public Radio News & Classical Music Network, rock WIIL (95.1 FM) and classic hits WWDV (96.9 FM), which simulcasts Chicago-based WDRV (97.1 FM). The Kenosha Convention and Visitors Bureau operates WPUR937 (1180 AM), a low-power tourist information station. Most of the AM and FM radio stations from Milwaukee and Chicago can be heard clearly in Kenosha. WPXE (Channel 55), owned by ION Television, is Kenosha's only locally licensed television station. Its analog transmitter was based in northern Racine County, while the digital tower is in Milwaukee's tower farm site on the north side and the station's studios are just south of suburban Glendale, so it serves the entire Milwaukee television market. <h2>Civic organizations</h2> There are several Civic Organizations that add to the rich benevolent spirit found in Kenosha. Such organizations contribute resources to various positive causes as well as knit the fabric of the community together: Navy Club of the U.S.A., Free and Accepted Masons - Lodge 47, Rotary Club International, The Exchange Club, Local VFW and American Legion Posts, Kenosha Women's Club, Kenosha Car Club, Danish Brotherhood Lodge #14. <h2>Culture</h2> Kenosha's three downtown museums, the Kenosha Public Museum, the Civil War Museum and the Dinosaur Discovery Museum, are Smithsonian Institution affiliates. Completed in 2001, the Kenosha Public Museum is located on the Lake Michigan shoreline. Its main exhibit is a prehistoric Woolly Mammoth skeleton uncovered in western Kenosha in 1992. The bones revealed new clues about ancient American history; cut-marks on the bones indicated that the animals were butchered by humans using stone tools. Carbon dating indicated their age to be 12,500 radiocarbon years old or 14,500 calendar years old, one thousand radiocarbon years earlier than the previously-accepted presence of humans in the Americas. The museum also displays other Ice Age and fine-art exhibits. The Kenosha History Center is within the 1917 City water treatment plant on Simmons Island adjoining the 1866 Kenosha Light Station, and showcases the history of Kenosha from the Indians and the first settlements to the present day. The 1906 Kenosha North Pier Light is also nearby. Kenosha's 59,000-square-foot (5,500Â m2) Civil War Museum opened on June 13, 2008. The main exhibit, "The Fiery Trial", opened September 15, 2008. It is a 15,000-square-foot (1,400Â m2) exhibit offering an interactive experience of the role of six Midwestern states before, during and after the American Civil War. The Dinosaur Discovery Museum, designated a federal repository, opened in August 2006 in the historic Old Post Office adjoining the 56th Street streetcar line at Tenth Avenue, and includes an on-site paleontology laboratory operated through the Carthage College Institute of Paleontology. The Kenosha Transit Carhouse at 724 54th Street, which houses Kenosha's historic fleet of PCC streetcars, is occasionally open for guided tours. A Maritime Museum is being developed within the restored 1866 Southport Light and Lighthouse Keeper's cottage on Simmons Island. A Children's Museum was also planned for the upper two floors of the Orpheum Building on Sixth Avenue at 59th Street, currently occupied by Scoop's Ice Cream. <h3>Music</h3> Summer band performances have existed in Kenosha for over 80 years, traditionally put on by the Kenosha American Legion Band (renamed the Kenosha Concert Band in 1963 and now the Kenosha Pops Concert Band.) Since 1988 the concerts have been at Kenosha's Sesquicentennial Bandshell in Pennoyer Park each Wednesday from mid-June to early August. The Kenosha Lakeshore Youth Philharmonic offers an intensive orchestral experience to middle school and high school musicians. Kenosha Unified School District offers a touring summer marching band program for students at all school-band-age levels. Continental Band, American Band, and Rambler Band offer opportunities for novice and intermediate musicians whereas the Band of the Black Watch is the jewel of the high school band program, bringing together musicians from all of Kenosha's high schools. These bands perform in various parades and concert events throughout the summer locally within Southern Wisconsin and North Eastern Illinois and the Band of the Black Watch performs on an annual trip to varying locations which have included Disney World and Toronto. Southeast Wisconsin Performing Arts (SEWPA) sponsors the Opera Ã  la Carte evening concert series featuring middle school, high school and college singers. The Music of the Stars radio program, heard worldwide, has originated from Kenosha since 1992. The Kenosha Symphony Orchestra presents concerts in the acoustically correct Reuther Central Auditorium (listed on the National Register of Historic Places) at Walter Reuther Central High School in downtown Kenosha. Film composer and orchestrator Lucien Cailliet, orchestrator for The Ten Commandments, was the KSO conductor until 1960. Since 2002, the outdoor Peanut Butter and Jam Concert Series has been held every Wednesday in August at Veterans Memorial Park. Lincoln Park Live! concerts began in 2005 on the Lincoln Park lawns near the Warren Taylor Memorial Gardens. A number of outdoor jazz events are offered throughout the summer months, most often at Veterans' Memorial Park and the historic Kemper Center. The Electric Hellfire Club, an industrial metal band, originated in Kenosha in the early 1990s. Korey Cooperâ€"keys, rhythm guitar, and background vocals for the rock band Skilletâ€"is originally from Kenosha. Lazarus A.D., a thrash metal who used to be on Metal Blade Records, is from Kenosha and frequently plays shows when in town. PATH, a death metal band on Crash Music, Inc, is from Kenosha and frequently plays shows in town. And features members from popular metal bands, most notably Jungle Rot, a death metal band on Victory Records formed in Kenosha. The Pat Crawford Big Band and Jazz Combo appear citywide at various functions. <h2>Recreation</h2> <h3>Parks</h3> Kenosha is ringed by an emerald necklace of recreational city and county parks, and has eight miles (29Â km) of Lake Michigan shoreline frontage, nearly all of which is public. The city has 74 municipal parks, totaling 781.52 acres (3.1627Â km2). Kenosha's Washington Park includes the oldest operating velodrome in the United States (1927) at Washington Bowl. The Kenosha Velodrome Association sponsors American Track Cycling sanctioned races as well as training sessions at the "bowl" throughout the summer. Races are held on Tuesday evenings beginning in mid-May and continuing through August. Free seating is available on the inside of the track, and on important race days concessions are available. Petrifying Springs Park flanks the Pike River and was developed in the 1930s on the northwestern edge of the city, and is named for its artesian mineral water. Over ten miles (16Â km) of trails wind through the wooded park, which also features an 18-hole golf course. Hawthorn Hollow Nature Sanctuary and Arboretum has three historic buildings and several trails for hiking. Library Park is home to a statue of Abraham Lincoln by Charles Henry Niehaus as well as a statue called Winged Victory by Daniel Burnham. Kenosha has been a Tree City USA since 1982. <h3>Golf</h3> Kenosha has a number of golf courses. Petrifying Springs Golf Course was named the "No. 1 Sporty Course in Wisconsin". The Washington Park Golf Course was dedicated on February 18, 1922, and its 1937 English-cottage clubhouse is a city landmark. Most recently there have been new private courses such as Strawberry Creek, designed by Rick Jacobson. <h3>Cycling</h3> Kenosha was home to the Food Folks and Spokes criterium racing event, a part of the International Cycling Classic known as "SuperWeek" in which cyclists from all over the world compete in various types of cycling events. Kenosha is home to the Washington Park Velodrome, the longest-operating 333-meter track; it opened in 1927. <h3>Sport</h3> The city was the hometown of the Kenosha Cardinals, a semi-pro football team between 1937 and 1941 which played at Lake Front Stadium at 58th Street and Third Avenue. The Kenosha Kingfish, a team in the Northwoods League, played its first game at historic Simmons Field on May 31, 2014 with a sold-out crowd of 3,218 fans. The Kenosha Yacht Club was established in 1912. <h2>Notable Kenoshans</h2> On June 7, 1990 a Chicago Tribune feature article ("The Kenosha Connection") marveled at the large number of Kenoshans in the arts and sciences. <h2>Rankings</h2> Kenosha has received high rankings in several "Best-of" national surveys of American communities in recent years. <ul><li>In 2005 Money listed Kenosha as 94th on its list of "Best Places to Live".</li> <li>The April 1997 Readers Digest ranked Kenosha second in its list of "Best Places to Raise a Family"</li> <li>Worldwide ERC rated Kenosha among the "Best Cities for Relocating Families" in the 500,000 to 250,000 metro population category.</li> <li>In 2005, the Milken Institute rated Kenosha 86th among the largest 200 metro areas in the United States in its "Best Performing Cities" list</li> <li>In May 2006, Inc. Magazine ranked Kenosha #45 on its "Hottest Midsize Cities" list.</li> </ul><h2>Sister cities</h2> Kenosha's four sister cities are: <ul><li> Cosenza, Italy (since 1979)</li> <li> Douai, France (since 1981)</li> <li> Quezon City, Philippines (since 1986)</li> <li> WolfenbÃ¼ttel, Germany (since 1970)</li> </ul><h2>Neighborhoods of Kenosha</h2> <dl><dt>Past neighborhoods</dt> </dl><ul><li>Aurora</li> <li>Truesdell</li> </ul><dl><dt>Current neighborhoods</dt> </dl><ul><li>Airport Corridor</li> <li>Allendale</li> <li>Bain Park</li> <li>Bonnie Hame</li> <li>Devil's Elbow</li> <li>Downtown</li> <li>Forest Park</li> <li>Golf Links</li> <li>HarborSide</li> <li>Hobbs Park</li> <li>Hunters Ridge</li> <li>Indian Trail</li> <li>Isetts</li> <li>Lance</li> <li>Library Park</li> <li>Lincoln Park</li> <li>North Side</li> <li>Red Arrow</li> <li>River Crossing's</li> <li>Southport</li> <li>Southside</li> <li>Sunnyside</li> <li>Stocker</li> <li>Union Park</li> <li>Uptown</li> <li>Washington Park</li> <li>Whitecaps</li> <li>Wilson Heights</li> </ul><h2>Gallery</h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"><li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> </ul><h2>See also</h2> <h2>References</h2> <h2>Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Dudley, Kathryn Marie (1994). The End of the Line: Lost Jobs, New Lives in Postindustrial America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBNÂ 0-226-16908-1.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenosha%2C+Wisconsin&rft.au=Dudley%2C+Kathryn+Marie&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+Marie&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Line%3A+Lost+Jobs%2C+New+Lives+in+Postindustrial+America&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-16908-1&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook">Â </li> </ul><h2>External links</h2> <ul><li>City of Kenosha</li> <li>Kenosha Area Chamber of Commerce</li> <li>Kenosha Area Convention & Visitors Bureau</li> <li>Sanborn fire insurance maps: 1886 1890 1894 1900 1905 1911 1918</li> </ul></h2>

Kenosha, Wisconsin - Kenosha Civil War Museum

Kenosha / k É› Ëˆ n oÊŠ ËŒ Êƒ É'Ë / is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County in State of Wisconsin. With an estimated popul...

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Confederate Memorial Hall - New Orleans Confederate Museum

Unknown 0 20.37

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCl9rUkHUFT-uexgNaGOqKt3C1xmbox5y-V4_Vb54EoMmNUTz_ydATeLB-_hdM0oNLZM3OyGrKkI79KRS7Mpe0-YU2Kltjkkn3WMBIpyfV1dtQ4hDrGc3aHS1vOGrSNw9o4Uo8MXZ4uDA/s1600/200px-Civil_War_Museum_in_New_Orleans-722036.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6143742079926761346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCl9rUkHUFT-uexgNaGOqKt3C1xmbox5y-V4_Vb54EoMmNUTz_ydATeLB-_hdM0oNLZM3OyGrKkI79KRS7Mpe0-YU2Kltjkkn3WMBIpyfV1dtQ4hDrGc3aHS1vOGrSNw9o4Uo8MXZ4uDA/s320/200px-Civil_War_Museum_in_New_Orleans-722036.jpg" /></a>Confederate Memorial Hall is a museum located in New Orleans, Louisiana containing historical artifacts related to the Confederate States of America and the American Civil War. It is historically also known as "Memorial Hall". It houses the second largest collection of Confederate Civil War items in the world, behind the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia. The museum is also known as Louisiana's Civil War Museum at Confederate Memorial Hall. The museum's building is known as the "Battle Abbey of the South" due to its elaborate stained glass windows and distinctive church-like architecture. It is the oldest continually active museum in Louisiana. <h2>Collections</h2> <img alt="Confederate Memorial Hall Museum: Home - Confederate Memorial Hall opened its doors in New Orleans on January 8, 1891, and since that time has been commemorating the military history and heritageÂ ..." src="http://confederatemuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/museumdvd-slide.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Confederate Memorial Hall - Confederate Memorial Hall Museum: Home"> The Confederate Memorial Hall contains over 5,000 historical artifacts including several rare Civil War items. It holds the personal effects and uniforms of Confederate generals Braxton Bragg, P.G.T. Beauregard, and Franklin Gardner as well as 125 historical battle flags from the Civil War. Jefferson Davis' wife Varina Davis donated several of her late husband's belongings to the museum including items of clothing, his suitcase, his saddle, and a rare letter to Davis containing an enclosed crown of thorns from Pope Pius IX. <h2>19th-century history</h2> Confederate Memorial Hall was established in 1891 by New Orleans philanthropist Frank T. Howard, to house the historical collections of the Louisiana Historical Association. The museum quickly accumulated a vast collection of Civil War items, mostly in the form of personal donations by veterans. In 1893, the museum hosted a wake for the exhumed body of Confederate President Jefferson Davis â€" attended by over 60,000 mourners â€" before Davis' remains were transported to his final resting place in Richmond, Virginia (the last capital of the C.S.A.). A reunion held at the building attracted 30,000 Civil War veterans â€" one of the largest such gatherings ever held. <h2>Ownership dispute</h2> <img alt="Confederate Memorial Hall - Knoxville - Reviews of Confederate ... - Confederate Memorial Hall, Knoxville: See 12 reviews, articles, and 4 photos of Confederate Memorial Hall, ranked No.44 on TripAdvisor among 102 attractions Â ..." src="http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-o/02/6d/32/c0/confederate-memorial.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Confederate Memorial Hall - Confederate Memorial Hall - Knoxville - Reviews of Confederate ..."> For much of its existence the Confederate Memorial Hall's building has been the subject of an ownership dispute that has involved numerous court battles and the involvement of several Louisiana political figures including Governors Huey Long and Mike Foster. The dispute has revolved around Howard's original donation of the building to the Louisiana Historical Association, which read "It is with deep satisfaction that I perform the act of formally putting into your possession the Building, which, while it is an Adjunct of the Howard Memorial Library Association, is to be set apart forever for the use of your organization." In 1930 the adjoining Howard Library sought the museum's building space to store portions of their collection. Governor Long negotiated a compromise in which the museum permitted the library to store some of its books in their basement. In the 1940s the Howard Library outgrew its facilities and relocated to Tulane University. Its building was sold shortly afterwards and, after transferring to several owners, was donated to the University of New Orleans in the early 1990s. The old Howard Library building and a nearby property neighboring the Confederate Memorial Hall were then converted into the Ogden Museum of Southern Art by UNO. The location of Memorial Hall in between the two Ogden buildings gave rise to the latest dispute over the property, as visitors to the Ogden museums would have to exit each building and travel outdoors around the Memorial Hall to reach the remainder of the collection. A solution was proposed in which a tunnel between the two buildings through the Memorial Hall basement would be constructed and a proposal was drafted by Confederate Memorial Hall, but UNO withdrew from the negotiations in 1998. <h2>Recent history</h2> <img alt="Visit Us - Confederate Memorial Hall Museum - Contact Information: Louisiana's Civil War Museum at. Confederate Memorial Hall Phone: (504) 523-4522. Email: memhall@confederatemuseum.com" src="http://confederatemuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/CMHM-vistus1.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Confederate Memorial Hall - Visit Us - Confederate Memorial Hall Museum"> In 2000, Tulane University, having absorbed the Howard Library, sold its title to the Memorial Hall building to UNO, which it claimed to possess as the former owner of the Howard Library properties. In 2001 the UNO foundation announced its claims to the Confederate Memorial Hall building and initiated efforts to remove the museum from the premises. A series of court battles ensued in which title ownership to the property was granted to UNO, however efforts to evict the museum were stayed by the courts on bonds. As the case proceeded through the appellate processes, Governor Mike Foster intervened in the dispute and assisted in the drafting of a compromise between UNO and the museum that would allow Confederate Memorial Hall to remain in its historic building. In August 2003, at Foster's direction, both parties agreed to drop pending lawsuits to the building in exchange for fulfillment of a compromise agreement. Per the agreement, UNO is required to cede its title claims to the Confederate Memorial Hall museum's land and building in exchange for the construction of a connecting tunnel through the basement as was proposed in the 1997 plan. The compromise is to be implemented in full within 10 years time, or upon the completion of the tunnel, depending upon which comes first. In 2011, a Confederate Battle Flag from the 14th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, stolen from the museum in the 1980s by a volunteer, was recovered from a collector who reportedly purchased the flag in 2004 without knowing it had been stolen. <h2>References</h2> <h2>External links</h2> <ul><li>Confederate Memorial Hall</li> </ul></h2>

Confederate Memorial Hall - New Orleans Confederate Museum

Confederate Memorial Hall is a museum located in New Orleans, Louisiana containing historical artifacts related to the Confederate States o...

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Saguaro - Desert Museum

Unknown 0 19.37

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinC3cHliXOaXexHKjVrMZ6TpDux0Oa0UPBsXs_hNwhujU93jf7_86cN0vU878J02GrfibhRL9F63G7_2bcMwHYrsGEuJg-zvislCwuD_jk_B2q4nqgqwud1PD_SzfXYv0kEmqXEnaHxQs/s1600/220px-SaguaroCactusAZ-721548.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6143726611666129474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinC3cHliXOaXexHKjVrMZ6TpDux0Oa0UPBsXs_hNwhujU93jf7_86cN0vU878J02GrfibhRL9F63G7_2bcMwHYrsGEuJg-zvislCwuD_jk_B2q4nqgqwud1PD_SzfXYv0kEmqXEnaHxQs/s320/220px-SaguaroCactusAZ-721548.JPG" /></a>The saguaro (/sÉ™ËˆwÉ'roÊŠ/) (Carnegiea gigantea) is an arborescent (tree-like) cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea, which can grow to be over 20Â m (70Â ft) tall. It is native to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, the Mexican State of Sonora, and the Whipple Mountains and Imperial County areas of California. The saguaro blossom is the state wildflower of Arizona. Its scientific name is given in honor of Andrew Carnegie. The common name saguaro came into the English language through the Spanish language, originating in the Mayo language. <h2>Growth</h2> <img alt="The Saguaro Palm Springs | Palm Springs Boutique Hotel - Book your next vacation at the Saguaro and experience daily yoga, cruiser bikes, wifi and more at this boutique hotel oasis in Palm Springs, CA." src="http://www.jdvhotels.com/content/uploads/2014/06/PSP_Pool_Day-672x576.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Saguaro - The Saguaro Palm Springs | Palm Springs Boutique Hotel"> Saguaros have a relatively long lifespan. They may grow their first side arm any time from 75â€"100Â years of age, but some never grow one at all. A saguaro without arms is called a spear. The arms are grown to increase the plant's reproductive capacity (more apices lead to more flowers and fruit). The growth rate of saguaros is strongly dependent on precipitation; saguaros in drier western Arizona grow only half as fast as those in and around Tucson, Arizona. Some specimens may live for more than 150Â years; the largest known saguaro is the Champion Saguaro growing in Maricopa County, Arizona, and is 13.8Â m (45.3Â ft) tall with a girth of 3.1Â m (10Â ft). These cacti can grow from 40 to 60Â ft tall. They grow slowly from seed, and never from cuttings. Whenever it rains, saguaros soak up the rainwater. The cactus will visibly expand, holding in the water. It conserves the water and slowly consumes it. <h2>Spines</h2> <img alt="Saguaro National Park (U.S. National Park Service) - These majestic plants, found only in a small portion of the United States, are protected by Saguaro National Park, to the east and west of the modern city ofÂ ..." src="http://www.nps.gov/imr/sagu/images/C4FCD500-155D-451F-6779F607DEFBAA60.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Saguaro - Saguaro National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"> The spines on saguaro having a height less than 2Â m grow rapidly, up to a millimeter per day. When held up to the light or bisected, alternating light and dark bands transverse to the long axis of spines can be seen. These transverse bands have been correlated to daily growth. In columnar cacti, spines almost always grow in areoles which originate at the apex of the plant. Individual spine growth reaches mature size in the first season and then ceases to grow. Areoles are moved to the side and the apex continues to grow upwards. Thus, the older spines are towards the base of a columnar cactus and newer spines are near the apex. Current studies are underway to examine the relationship of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the tissues of spines to the past climate and photosynthetic history of the plant (acanthochronology). <h2>Flowers</h2> <img alt="The Saguaro - Â©2013 JOIE DE VIVRE HOSPITALITY, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. JOIE DE VIVREÂ® IS A REGISTERED SERVICE MARK OWNED BY JOIE DE VIVREÂ ..." src="http://www.thesaguaro.com/img/left_bottom.jpg?v=2" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Saguaro - The Saguaro"> The night-blooming white and yellow flowers appear April through June and the sweet, ruby-colored fruit mature by late June. Saguaro flowers are self-incompatible, thus require crosspollination. Large quantities of pollen are required for complete pollination as there are numerous ovules. A well-pollinated fruit will contain several thousand tiny seeds. The flowers open well after sunset and remain open till mid-afternoon of the next day. They also continue to produce nectar after sunrise. Saguaros have a redundant pollination system, i.e. full fruit set is possible even if only a fraction of the pollinating species are present. Main pollinators are honey bees, bats and white-winged doves. In most years diurnal visitors are the main contributors for fruit set, with the highest proportion on honey bees. Main nocturnal pollinator is the Lesser Long-nosed Bat, feeding on the nectar. A number of floral characteristics are geared toward bat pollination: nocturnal opening of the flowers, nocturnal maturation of pollen, very rich nectar, position high above the ground, durable blooms that can withstand a bat's weight, and fragrance emitted at night. One additional piece of evidence is that the amino acids in the pollen appear to help sustain lactation in bats. Other diurnal visitors are birds like the Costa's hummingbird, Black-chinned hummingbird and Broad-billed hummingbird, the Hooded oriole and Scott's oriole, the Gila woodpecker and Gilded flicker, the Verdin and the House finch. <h2>Fruit</h2> <img alt="The Saguaro Scottsdale | Boutique Hotel in Scottsdale - In the heart of Old Town Scottsdale, where the Arts District and Civic Center Mall meet, The Saguaro welcomes you with a vivacious pool scene and inventiveÂ ..." src="http://www.jdvhotels.com/content/uploads/2014/05/SAG_Pool_Overview_02-672x576.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Saguaro - The Saguaro Scottsdale | Boutique Hotel in Scottsdale"> The ruby red fruits are 6â€"9Â cm long and ripen in June. Each fruit contains around 2000 seeds plus sweet fleshy connective tissue. The fruits are edible and prized by local people. The fruits cannot be picked by hand, but must be harvested using a pole (often a saguaro rib) 2 to 5 m long, to the end of which is attached another pole. The O'odham tribes have a long history of saguaro fruit use. The Tohono Oâ€™odham tribes celebrate the beginning of their summer growing season with a ceremony using a fermented drink made from the bright red fruit to summon rains, vital for the crops. <h2>Nests</h2> Native birds such as Gila woodpeckers, purple martins, house finches, and gilded flickers live inside holes in saguaros. Flickers excavate larger holes higher on the stem. The nest cavity is deep, the parents and young entirely hidden from view. The saguaro creates callus tissue on the wound. When the saguaro dies and its soft flesh rots, the callus remains behind as a so-called "saguaro boot", which was used by natives for storage. The Gila woodpeckers (Melanerpes uropygialis) create new nest holes each season rather than reuse the old ones, leaving convenient nest holes for other animals, such as elf owls, flycatchers, and wrens. In recent years, early-breeding, aggressive, non-native birds have taken over the nests to the detriment of elf owls that breed and nest later. <h2>Laws</h2> Harming a saguaro in any manner, including cactus plugging, is illegal by state law in Arizona, and when houses or highways are built, special permits must be obtained to move or destroy any saguaro affected. There are exceptions to this general understanding. For example, a private landowner whose property is ten (10) acres or less, where the initial construction has already occurred, may remove a saguaro from the property. This is common when the cactus falls over in a storm, its location interferes with a house addition, or it becomes a potential hazard to humans. Specifically, Arizona Revised Statutes, A.R.S. 3-904.(H) defines this exemption. <h2>Ethnobotany</h2> <ul><li>The saguaro is an important source of food and shelter for the Tohono Oâ€™odham. Saguaro spines are sometimes used as sewing needles and the ribs are used to make harvesting tools.</li> <li>The ribs of the saguaro were used for construction and other purposes by Native Americans. A fine example can be seen in the roofing of the cloisters of the Mission San Xavier del Bac on the Tohono O'odham lands near Tucson.</li> <li>The Seri people of northwestern Mexico used the plant, which they call mojÃ©pe, for a number of purposes.</li> </ul><h2>Location</h2> The saguaro is often used as an emblem in commercials and logos that attempt to convey a sense of the Southwest, even if the product has no connection to Arizona or the Sonoran Desert. For instance, no naturally occurring saguaros are found within 250Â miles (400Â km) of El Paso, Texas, but the silhouette is found on the label of Old El Paso brand products. Though the geographic anomaly has lessened in recent years, Western films once enthusiastically placed saguaros in Monument Valley of Arizona, as well as New Mexico, Utah, and Texas. There are no wild saguaros anywhere in Texas, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, or Nevada, nor in the high deserts of northern Arizona. <h2>Saguaro gallery</h2> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"><li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> </li> </ul><h2>See also</h2> <ul><li>Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum</li> <li>Desert Botanical Garden</li> <li>Saguaro National Park</li> </ul><h2>Notes</h2> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Benson, L. (1981). The Cacti of Arizona. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-0509-8.</li> <li>Felger, Richard; Mary B. Moser. (1985). People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaguaro&rft.au=Felger%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Felger&rft.au=Mary+B.+Moser.&rft.btitle=People+of+the+desert+and+sea%3A+ethnobotany+of+the+Seri+Indians&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook">Â </li> <li>Drezner TD (2005) Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) growth rate over its American range and the link to summer precipitation. Southwest Nat 50:65â€"68.</li> </ul><h2>External links</h2> <ul><li>Flora of North America: Carnegiea gigantea</li> <li>Jepson Flora Project: Carnegiea gigantea</li> <li>Calphotos: Carnegiea gigantea</li> <li>USDA Plants Profile: Carnegiea gigantea</li> <li>Saguaro cactus.net</li> </ul></h2>

Saguaro - Desert Museum

The saguaro ( / s É™ Ëˆ w É'r oÊŠ / ) ( Carnegiea gigantea ) is an arborescent (tree-like) cactus species in the monotypic genus Carneg...

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Gagosian Gallery - Gagosian Museum

Unknown 0 18.37

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisS6m0z5H5sxqtLzKq4Q3LOCnn9eB8tGmxf5Lmy_S4KMFWHTjOXYBqkZuapFCQKqtbbfupN4KV09VtAZmx-AtetFYEI2_5vuzZjDKAF83HaAsyIrMBJ_kpBVYHp8xnGIDscEVXEqzJ14M/s1600/85cd926af744399b21f6a387cff2fac0-722866.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6143711157140312130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisS6m0z5H5sxqtLzKq4Q3LOCnn9eB8tGmxf5Lmy_S4KMFWHTjOXYBqkZuapFCQKqtbbfupN4KV09VtAZmx-AtetFYEI2_5vuzZjDKAF83HaAsyIrMBJ_kpBVYHp8xnGIDscEVXEqzJ14M/s320/85cd926af744399b21f6a387cff2fac0-722866.jpg" /></a>Gagosian Gallery is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. There are eleven gallery spaces: three in New York; two in London; one in each of Beverly Hills, Rome, Athens, Paris, Geneva and Hong Kong. <h2>Development</h2> <img alt="Gagosian Gallery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Gagosian Gallery is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. There are eleven gallery spaces: three in New York; two in London; oneÂ ..." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BwyWalk0505_WP23rdSt.jpg/220px-BwyWalk0505_WP23rdSt.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Gagosian Gallery - Gagosian Gallery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <h3>1980s</h3> Gagosian Gallery began in 1979 in Los Angeles. In 1985, the business moved from Los Angeles to New York. In 1986, Gagosian opened a second space on West 23rd Street in Manhattan. The Gagosian Gallery program made exhibitions of contemporary art, as well as presenting works of Modern art. In the 1980s, the Los Angeles gallery showed the work of young contemporary artists such as Eric Fischl, Jean-Michel Basquiat and David Salle, as the New York City space mounted exhibitions dedicated to the history of The New York School, Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art by showing the earlier work of Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein and Willem de Kooning. In 1989, a new and more spacious gallery opened in New York City at 980 Madison Avenue with the inaugural exhibition: "The Maps of Jasper Johns." During its first two years, the Madison Avenue space, once used by Sotheby's, presented work by Yves Klein, Andy Warhol, Cy Twombly and Jackson Pollock. Shortly after, artists such as Walter de Maria, Philip Taaffe, Francesco Clemente, and Peter Halley joined the gallery. <h3>1990s</h3> Gagosian Galleryâ€™s second New York City location opened in the neighborhood of SoHo, then the heart of the New York art scene, in 1991. Shortly before, the gallery had wooed David Salle and Philip Taaffe from long-term relationships with the Mary Boone Gallery. The new venue served to show large-scale works by artists such as Richard Serra, Mark di Suvero, Barnett Newman, and Chris Burden. The downtown location showed younger artists such as Ellen Gallagher, Jenny Saville, Douglas Gordon and Cecily Brown. The uptown gallery maintained its commitment to historical exhibitions by showing monumental sculptures by MirÃ³, Calder and Moore. Andy Warhol was exhibited at both New York galleries, in collaboration with the Andy Warhol Foundation, including exhibitions of his Rorschach Paintings, Camouflage Paintings, Late Hand-Painted Paintings, Oxidation Paintings and the Diamond Dust Shadow Paintings. In 1996, The Damien Hirst exhibition "No Sense of Absolute Corruption," was the first exhibition in America to show Hirstâ€™s animals in formaldehyde tanks, a controversial series of the artistâ€™s oeuvre. Gagosian opened a location in Beverly Hills designed by architect Richard Meier in 1995. The Beverly Hills gallery mounted exhibitions by Edward Ruscha, Nan Goldin, Frank Gehry, Jeff Koons and Richard Prince. It also showed modern artists such as Pablo Picasso, Roy Lichtenstein and Abstract Expressionism group exhibitions. To finance Koons's giant "Celebration" sculptures, a consortium of dealers, including Gagosian, spent years helping the artist line up buyers willing to prepay for them. The buyers paid $2 million to $8 million apiece to own one of the artist' car-sized sculptures of balloon dogs and candy-colored hearts. In 1999, Gagosian Gallery moved from SoHo to West 24th Street, in New Yorkâ€™s industrial Chelsea. Richard Gluckman designed the 25,000-square-foot (2,300Â m2) gallery in which Richard Serra presented the monumental sculpture, â€œSwitch,â€ in November 1999. The new space was fully completed in September. The large viewing space at West 24th Street allowed Gagosian artists, such as Richard Serra and Damien Hirst, to exhibit large scale works with great flexibility. <h3>2000s</h3> In spring of 2000, Gagosian became an international gallery with the opening of a Caruso St John-designed space on Heddon Street in Picadilly, London, then the largest commercial art gallery in the city. The U.K. gallery inaugurated its exhibitions program with a performance by the Italian artist Vanessa Beecroft, followed by an exhibition of works by Chris Burden. In September 2000, in New York, Gagosian held the Hirst show, Damien Hirst: Models, Methods, Approaches, Assumptions, Results and Findings. A second London Gallery, also designed by Caruso St John, on Britannia Street, opened in May 2004 with a paintings and sculpture show by Cy Twombly. Comparable to the Chelsea exhibition space in size, this addition was then the largest commercial art gallery in London. It accommodated large sculpture, video pieces and installations such as Martin Kippenberger's show, The Magical Misery Tour, Brazil. The Heddon Street location closed in July 2005, and a new storefront space on Davies Street opened simultaneously with an historic exhibition of Pablo Picasso prints. To complement the West 24th Street gallery, a Richard Gluckman designed space on West 21st Street opened in October 2006. A joint exhibition with the 24th Street gallery, Cast a Cold Eye: The Late Works of Andy Warhol, launched Gagosian Galleryâ€™s second location in Chelsea and third location in New York. In 2009, the 21st Street gallery held an exhibition of Pablo Picassoâ€™s late works entitled Mosqueteros, curated by Picasso historian, John Richardson. Having exhibited historical exhibitions, the Madison Avenue location introduced a fifth-floor gallery space, set up to focus more on young and upcoming artists. Featuring works by Hayley Tompkins and Anselm Reyle, Old Space New Space inaugurated the space in January 2007. The fifth-floor gallery has since showcased the works of Steven Parrino, Mark Grotjahn and Isa Genzken, Dan Colen and Dash Snow, among others. From 2007 on, Gagosian Gallery has also shown at the art gallery of the Eden Rock St Barths, Saint BarthÃ©lemy, including an exhibition of Richard Prince (2007). With the continued success of the Los Angeles, New York, and London galleries, Gagosian opened a gallery in Rome in 2007, exhibiting new works by Cy Twombly. The Italian space is a refurbished former bank on Via Francesco Crispi, built in 1921 and redesigned by Rome-based architect Firouz Galdo in collaboration with Caruso St John. The renovation transformed the classical space into a state-of-the-art contemporary gallery while retaining its distinctively Roman character. The main banking hall of the building had a huge bay window, and the architects have remodelled the opposite, formerly perpendicular, wall to create an oval space, with plenty of daylight coming through the windows. In November 2008, Gagosian Gallery expanded its Madison Avenue gallery to the fourth floor, with an inaugural exhibition of works by Francis Bacon and Alberto Giacometti in Isabel and Other Intimate Strangers, in collaboration with the Giacometti Foundation and the Bacon Foundation. Between 2003 and 2008, many artists who had previously been represented by other renowned galleries joined Gagosian, such as Anselm Reyle from Gavin Brown's Enterprise; John Currin from Andrea Rosen; Mike Kelley from Metro Pictures; Tom Friedman from Feature; Takashi Murakami from Marianne Boesky; and Richard Phillips from Friedrich Petzel. On the other hand, several artists have left the stable for smaller galleries, including Tom Friedman, Mark di Suvero, and Ghada Amer. The estate of Willem de Kooning went to rival Pace Gallery in 2010. <h3>2010s</h3> In 2010, Gagosian opened its Paris gallery on 350-square-meter (3,757 square feet) at 4, rue de Ponthieu, where it debuted with an exhibition of five new acrylic abstracts and five bronze sculptures by Cy Twombly. Priced between $4 million and $5 million each, all the paintings sold before the gallery officially opened. Located off Rue du RhÃ´ne in Geneva's business district, a 140-square-metre Art Deco space was opened as the gallery's Swiss outpost later that year. In early 2011, the gallery, which has had a representative in Hong Kong since 2008, opened a 5,200-square-foot (480Â m2) facility at the Pedder Building there. The outpost was inaugurated with an exhibition by Damien Hirst. That year, a survey of dealers in The Wall Street Journal estimated that Gagosian Gallery's annual sales approached $1 billion. In May 2011 alone, roughly half the works for sale by the major auction houses in New York (evening sales only) were by artists on the gallery's roster. In October 2012, Gagosian Gallery opened a new gallery outside of Paris in Le Bourget. Designed by architect Jean Nouvel, the 17,760-square-foot (1,650Â m2) space is the 12th Gagosian location worldwide. <h3>Further expansion</h3> As of 2008, buyers from Russia and other republics of the former Soviet Union account for almost 50 percent of total global sales at Gagosian Gallery. Strong relationships with Russian collectors and an expanding Russian art scene, encouraged Gagosian to host temporary exhibitions in Moscow. In 2007, Insight? featured works by Jeff Koons, Damien Hirst, Willem de Kooning and Pablo Picasso, in the Barvikha Luxury Village. In late 2011, following â€œBrazil: Reinvention of the Modern,â€ a 2011 exhibition Gagosian Gallery held in its Paris outpost featuring the 1960s and â€™70s Neo-Concrete artists SÃ©rgio de Camargo, Lygia Clark, Amilcar de Castro, HÃ©lio Oiticica, Lygia Pape, and Mira Schendel, the gallery will stage a major sculpture exhibition in a warehouse in Rio de Janeiro as part of the ArtRio fair. <h2>Auction records</h2> Gagosian Gallery aims to maintain the price level of its artists by actively playing a role at art auctions. When Christie's established an auction record for Henri Matisse by selling a bronze relief for $48.8 million in 2010, it was Gagosian that bought the work. Also, Gagosian Gallery purchased Ed Ruscha's Angry Because Itâ€™s Plaster, Not Milk (1965) for $3.2 million at Phillips de Pury in 2010, again establishing an auction record for that artist. Not long after joining Gagosian Gallery in 2003, the painter John Currin made his auction record of $847,500; his highest price before was a little over half that. <h2>Legal issues</h2> <img alt="Gagosian Gallery | Facebook - Gagosian Gallery. 91389 likes Â· 3648 talking about this. WELCOME TO THE OFFICIAL GAGOSIAN FACEBOOK PAGE Gagosian Gallery has dedicated itself to..." src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-xaf1/v/t1.0-1/c66.66.828.828/s200x200/481532_10151236507926046_922550685_n.jpg?oh=95989bc42797b0f6ee7bd9d0c07468ee&oe=55DFF0AE&__gda__=1439310093_d5983591935b5f4a05b71f7528a239aa" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Gagosian Gallery - Gagosian Gallery | Facebook"> In 2003, the Internal Revenue Service sued Larry Gagosian and three of his associates, accusing them of evading $26.5 million in taxes, interest and penalties on a 1990 sale of contemporary art. The IRS charged Gagosian and his partners deliberately shifted assets out of a company they created, Contemporary Art Holding Corp., to avoid paying taxes. When French photographer Patrick Cariou launched a copyright lawsuit against Richard Prince in 2009, the suit also named as defendant Larry Gagosian, who had displayed the disputed series of painting in a show titled â€œCanal Zoneâ€. Also in 2009, a deal that Gagosian Gallery had struck to buy $3 million in gold bricks for the work One Ton, One Kilo by the artist Chris Burden was frozen when it turned out that the bricks had been acquired from a Houston-based company owned by financier Allen Stanford, who was later charged by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and sentenced to 110 years in prison for cheating investors out of more than $7 billion over 20 years in one of the largest Ponzi schemes in U.S. history. In March 2011, British collector Robert Wylde also sued the Gagosian Gallery for selling him a $2.5 million Mark Tansey painting, The Innocent Eye Test (1981), which, it turned out, had been promised to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by its owner, Jan Cowles. The case was later settled for $4.4 million in January 2012. Shortly after, Gagosian Gallery was sued before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York by Cowles herself, who claimed that the gallery sold another painting, Girl in Mirror (1964) by Roy Lichtenstein, from her collection in 2008â€"2009 without her consent. <h2>Artists</h2> <img alt="Gagosian Gallery (@gagosiangallery) â€¢ Instagram photos and videos - Gagosian Gallery Founded by Larry Gagosian, the gallery has dedicated itself to organizing important exhibitions of contemporary and modern art." src="https://instagramimages-a.akamaihd.net/profiles/profile_198506807_75sq_1365787932.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Gagosian Gallery - Gagosian Gallery (@gagosiangallery) â€¢ Instagram photos and videos"> Exhibited artists include: <h2>Press</h2> Larry Gagosian is consistently listed in the top 10 of ArtReview's "Power 100" for the top 100 important people in the contemporary art world. (#1 in 2004 and 2010 and #2 in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). <h2>References</h2> <h2>External links</h2> <ul><li>Gagosian Gallery official website</li> <li>Larry Gagosian and Thomas Ammann to buy Hughes Warhols together</li> <li>Channel 4 site on Damien Hirst's show at Gagosian in 2000</li> </ul></h2>

Gagosian Gallery - Gagosian Museum

Gagosian Gallery is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. There are eleven gallery spaces: three in New York; tw...

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Institute Of American Indian Arts - Museum

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuGWjyfJbN7hlQyxqtTXoS_Smz8oAh5bU4N7OxxXF25Z1Vn02kkKWXQtOBqfW1UjL10B42Il0P0x4soFCMk6dyi8P8opncVT8iZybbMnQ5yFEAmu3hk_WBf6Pb71TZwwJ_tbtTvpjLG6w/s1600/img5-722790.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6143695692572287170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuGWjyfJbN7hlQyxqtTXoS_Smz8oAh5bU4N7OxxXF25Z1Vn02kkKWXQtOBqfW1UjL10B42Il0P0x4soFCMk6dyi8P8opncVT8iZybbMnQ5yFEAmu3hk_WBf6Pb71TZwwJ_tbtTvpjLG6w/s320/img5-722790.jpg" /></a>The Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) is a college focused on Native American art, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Many IAIA graduates transition into full-time careers as self-supporting artists, while others continue their education at universities and art schools nationwide. IAIA operates the Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, which is housed in the historic Santa Fe Federal Building (the old Post Office), a landmark Pueblo Revival building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum houses the 7,000+ piece National Collection of Contemporary Indian Art. <h2>History</h2> <img alt="Institute of American Indian Arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - The Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) is a college focused on Native American art, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Many IAIA graduates transition intoÂ ..." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/IAIA_Museum.jpg/220px-IAIA_Museum.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Institute Of American Indian Arts - Institute of American Indian Arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> The Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) was created by the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), in 1961. The multi-tribal art school was created upon the recommendation of the BIA Department of Education and the Indian Arts and Crafts Board. Three factors led to the creation of IAIA: dissatisfaction with the academic program of the Santa Fe Indian School (SFIS), a BIA paradigm shift towards post-graduate education, and the influence of the Southwest Indian Art Project and the Rockefeller Foundation. IAIA began operations on the campus of the SFIS in October 1962. From 1962-1979, IAIA ran a high school program and post-graduate art courses and beginning in 1975, was accredited to grant college degrees in various formats culminating in the accreditation of four-year degrees in 2001. In 2013, a two-year low residency MFA Program in Creative Writing was approved and implemented. In 1986, The Institute of American Indian and Alaska Native Culture and Arts Development was congressionally chartered as a non-profit organization, similar to the structure of the Smithsonian Institution, removing it from the control of the BIA. Today, IAIA sits on a beautiful 140 acre campus 12 miles south of Santa Fe and also operates the downtown located Museum of Contemporary Native Art and the Center for Lifelong Education. <h2>Museum of Contemporary Native Arts</h2> In 1991, The Institute of American Indian Arts Museum, now called the Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, was founded by the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, as the only museum to focus on contemporary intertribal Native American art. IAIA operates the Museum of Contemporary Native Arts, which is housed in the historic Santa Fe Federal Building (the old Post Office), a landmark Pueblo Revival building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum, which showcases work by Native artists, features the Allan Houser Sculpture Garden. The museum houses the 7,000+ piece National Collection of Contemporary Indian Art. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"><li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> </li> </ul><h2>Partnerships</h2> <img alt="Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) - Santa Fe, NM - Museum ... - Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) is on Facebook. To connect with Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA), sign up for Facebook today. Sign UpLog In." src="https://fbcdn-profile-a.akamaihd.net/hprofile-ak-xpf1/v/t1.0-1/10359554_10155516907160061_5183439679448667996_n.jpg?oh=729fd1faa52bd5cb75506378d5f1fc13&oe=55DEE746&__gda__=1436698718_2805397b26b1b4f45f8f8b08b26e2137" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Institute Of American Indian Arts - Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) - Santa Fe, NM - Museum ..."> IAIA is a member of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC), which is a community of tribally and federally chartered institutions working to strengthen tribal nations and make a lasting difference in the lives of American Indians and Alaska Natives. IAIA was created in response to the higher education needs of American Indians. IAIA generally serves geographically isolated populations that have no other means accessing education beyond the high school level. <h2>Notable faculty</h2> <img alt="Library | IAIA - The Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) is the only four-year fine arts degree institution in the nation devoted to contemporary Native American and AlaskaÂ ..." src="http://www.iaia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/IAIA_Library1.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Institute Of American Indian Arts - Library | IAIA"> <h2>Notable alumni</h2> <h2>Notable staff</h2> <ul><li>Joseph Sanchez, curator and artist, one of the Indian Group of Seven</li> </ul><h2>Notes</h2> <h2>External links</h2> <ul><li>Official website <ul><li>Museum of Contemporary Native Arts</li> </ul></li> </ul></h2>

Institute Of American Indian Arts - Museum

The Institute of American Indian Arts ( IAIA ) is a college focused on Native American art, located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Many IAIA grad...

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Louisiana Voodoo - New Orleans Historic Voodoo Museum

Unknown 0 16.37

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLwnvzV5vWULOat5NuHXvodYhFlik1-QkE72AILjy3P8c-eGgzG6619oME_WdqowUUE20d9XhNSzqSyzY5ufq_qvsKTyVDlI0vO7L4nWykc92NBtWX93W8L88x2i8J29N-XD-vHp0rKM/s1600/220px-Grisgris-721528.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6143680225282030146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLwnvzV5vWULOat5NuHXvodYhFlik1-QkE72AILjy3P8c-eGgzG6619oME_WdqowUUE20d9XhNSzqSyzY5ufq_qvsKTyVDlI0vO7L4nWykc92NBtWX93W8L88x2i8J29N-XD-vHp0rKM/s320/220px-Grisgris-721528.jpg" /></a>Louisiana Voodoo, also known as New Orleans Voodoo, describes a set of spiritual folkways that originated from the traditions of the African diaspora. It is a cultural form of the Afro-American religions developed by enslaved West Africans and the French, Spanish, and Creole populations of the U.S. state of Louisiana. Voodoo is one of many incarnations of African-based spiritual folkways rooted in West African Dahomeyan Vodun. Its liturgical language is Louisiana Creole French, the language of the Louisiana Creole people. Voodoo became syncretized with the Catholic and Francophone culture of south Louisiana as a result of creolization in the region resulting from the Atlantic slave trade. Louisiana Voodoo is often confused withâ€"but is not completely separable fromâ€"Haitian Vodou and southern American Hoodoo. It differs from Vodou in its emphasis upon gris-gris, Voodoo queens, use of Hoodoo paraphernalia, and Li Grand Zombi. It was through Louisiana Voodoo that such terms as gris-gris (a Wolof term) and Voodoo dolls were introduced into the American lexicon. <h2>History</h2> <img alt="Religion - Marie Laveau's House Of VoodooMarie Laveau's House ... - Louisiana Voodoo, also known as New Orleans Voodoo, describes a set of underground religious practices which originated from the traditions of the African Â ..." src="http://voodooneworleans.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/religion_banner.png" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Louisiana Voodoo - Religion - Marie Laveau's House Of VoodooMarie Laveau's House ..."> <h3>African influences</h3> Voodoo was brought to French Louisiana during the colonial period by workers and slaves from West Africa and then by slaves and free people of color who were among the refugees from the Haitian revolution. From 1719 to 1731, the majority of African captives brought as slaves to Louisiana were Fon people from what is now Benin; they brought their cultural practices, languages, and religious beliefs rooted in spirit and ancestor worship. Their knowledge of herbs, poisons, and the ritual creation of charms and amulets, intended to protect oneself or harm others, became key elements of Louisiana Voodoo. Many Fon were also taken as slaves to the French colony of Saint-Domingue in the Caribbean Sea. The enslaved community quickly outnumbered white colonists. The French colony was not a stable society when the enslaved Africans arrived, and the newly arrived Africans dominated the slave community. According to a census of 1731-1732, the ratio of enslaved Africans to European settlers was more than two to one. As a relatively small number of colonists were planters and slaveholders, the Africans were held in large groups, which enabled their preservation of African practices and culture. Unlike in the Upper South, where different groups were brought together and slave families were frequently divided among different plantations, in southern Louisiana families, cultures and languages were kept more intact. The U.S. Embargo Act of 1808 ended all importation of African slaves to Louisiana. Under the French code and the influence of Catholicism, officials nominally recognized family groups, prohibiting the sale of slave children away from their families if younger than age fourteen. They promoted the man-made legend of wake tuko of the enslaved population. The high mortality of the slave trade brought its survivors together with a sense of solidarity and initiation. The absence of fragmentation in the enslaved community, along with the kinship system produced by the bond created by the difficulties of slavery, resulted in a â€œcoherent, functional, well integrated, autonomous, and self confident enslaved community.â€ The practice of making and wearing charms and amulets for protection, healing, or the harm of others was a key aspect to early Louisiana Voodoo. The Ouanga, a charm used to poison an enemy, contained the toxic roots of the figuier maudit tree, brought from Africa and preserved in the Caribbean. The ground-up root was combined with other elements, such as bones, nails, roots, holy water, holy candles, holy incense, holy bread, or crucifixes. The administrator of the ritual frequently evoked protection from Jehovah and Jesus Christ. This openness of African belief allowed for the adoption of Catholic practices into Louisiana Voodoo. Another component of Louisiana Voodoo brought from West Africa was the veneration of ancestors and the subsequent emphasis on respect for elders. For this reason, the rate of survival among elderly enslaved peoples was high, further "Africanizing Louisiana Creole culture." <h3>Voodoo queens</h3> Voodoo priestesses, more often called Voodoo queens, rose to prominence in the wake of nineteenth century America. This can be attributed to the â€œ1809 influx of Haitian refugees that nearly doubled the size of [New Orleans]â€ and helped â€œreinforce the cityâ€™s religious cultureâ€. Voodoo queens were known to exercise great power in their communities, and had the role of leading many of the ceremonial meetings and ritual dances, many of which drew crowds of hundreds and thousands of people. They were considered practitioners that made a living through the selling and administering of amulets, or â€œgris-grisâ€, charms, and magical powders, as well as spells and charms that guaranteed to â€œcure ailments, grant desires, and confound or destroy oneâ€™s enemiesâ€. Their power and influence were widespread and largely incontestable, recognized by journalists, judges, criminals, and citizens alike. These females of African and Creole descent emerged as powerful leaders in a society that upheld an oppressive slave regime and a dichotomy of freedom between blacks and whites. This is due in part to the early history of the city, in which â€œa shortage of white women resulted in a high number of interracial liaisonsâ€, thus allowing them to have a relatively high amount of influence. It can also be explained by the religious traditions in West and central Africa, where many of voodoo customs are derived, that allowed women to exercise extraordinary power. Among the fifteen â€œvoodoo queensâ€ in neighborhoods scattered around nineteenth-century New Orleans, Marie Laveau was known as the Voodoo Queen, the most eminent and powerful of them all. She was a woman whose religious rite on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain on St. Johnâ€™s Eve in 1874 attracted some 12,000 black and white New Orleanians. It was purported that politicians, lawyers, businessman, wealthy planters all came to her to seek consult before making an important financial or business-related decision. Everyone, whether rich or poor, enslaved or free, black and white, went to her for help. Although her help seemed non-discriminatory, it seemed as though she favored the enslaved servants of her â€œinfluential, affluent customersâ€, as many â€œrunaway slaves...credited their successful escapes to Laveauxâ€™s powerful charmsâ€. Once the news of her powers spread, she overthrew the other Voodoo leaders of New Orleans. Also a Catholic, Laveau encouraged her followers to attend Catholic Mass as a strategic way to protect their true beliefs. The influence of her Catholic strategy facilitated the adoption of Catholic practices into the Voodoo belief system. Marie Laveau is remembered for her skill and compassion for the less fortunate, and her spirit is considered one of the central figures of Louisiana Voodoo, but not the only one. Laveauâ€™s influence and sway over her clientele can be attributed to her job as a hairdresser, which enabled her to know all the gossip in town. Eventually her customers came to her to buy voodoo dolls, potions, gris-gris bags and the like. Her influence over the city still endures--her grave, seen in the oldest cemetery of the city, is now a major tourist attraction and place for believers of Voodoo to offer gifts and pray to her spirit. Across the street from the cemetery where Laveau is buried, offerings of pound cake are left to the statue of Saint Expedite; these offerings are believed to expedite the favors asked of the Voodoo queen. Saint Expedite represents the spirit standing between life and death. The chapel where the statue stands was once used only for holding funerals. Marie Laveau continues to be a central figure of Louisiana Voodoo and of New Orleans culture. Gamblers shout her name when throwing dice, and multiple tales of sightings of the Voodoo queen have been told. <h3>Voodoo kings</h3> Doctor John, also known as Bayou John and Prince John, was one of the most prominent Voodoo kings in New Orleans. He was the student of Sanite Dede, a spiritual leader in the city prior to the period of refugee immigration from the Haitian revolution. He was said to be the mentor, instructor, and, as some say, "power behind the throne" of Marie Laveau herself. Born in 1937, Frank Staten, commonly known as the Chicken Man, was brought to New Orleans from Haiti during his infancy. He was raised by his grandfather, a practicing Baptist Minister, and grandmother. At a young age, his grandparents revealed to him his supernatural abilities and the fact that he came from royal descent. His true name was revealed to be Prince Ke'eyama. Prince's grandmother taught him the ways of Haitian Voodoo, and he made many trips there and across the United States as a young man. He settled permanently in New Orleans in the 1970's among the ravaging drug problem there. This is when his Chicken Man persona developed. He performed nightclub acts showing his strong spiritual connection with God and voodoo that including dancing, magic, and most shocking of all, biting the head off of a live chicken and drinking its blood. His excursions attracted thousands of followers, but some other voodoo practitioners merely saw him as a "showman". He was worshipped as a powerful Voodoo priest until his death in December 1998. His ashes were donated to the Voodoo Spiritual Temple. <h3>Commercialization</h3> During the 1930s, true Voodoo went underground as New Orleans became an increasingly popular tourist destination. Voodoo acquired an exotic, Hollywood image in the 1932 film White Zombie. A misconception that the principal elements of Voodoo are hexing and sticking pins into dolls developed. Exhausted by fame, Voodoo became an underground religion. At this time, some exploited the tradition, making a â€œbusiness of superstitionsâ€ and selling fake potions, powders, and gris-gris. In the early 21st century, Voodoo has become a major tourist attraction in New Orleans; commercial interests have sought to capitalize on popular interest in the religion. Shops selling charms, gris-gris, candles, and powders cater to both tourists and practitioners. The New Orleans Historic Voodoo Museum houses numerous artifacts and provides daily tours of the museum, the St. Louis Cemetery, and the New Orleans French Quarter. The museum also provides spiritual services, including matrimony blessings, marriage ceremonies, consultations, and other rituals. Since the late 20th century, Voodoo ceremonies have been held to offset contemporary problems in New Orleans, such as crack cocaine abuse, burglaries, prostitution and assaults. <h3>Louisiana Voodoo and Christianity</h3> As a result of the fusion of Francophone culture and Voodoo in Louisiana, many Voodoo spirits became associated with the Christian saints known to preside over the same domain. Although Voodoo and Catholic practices are in conflict, both saints and spirits are believed to act as mediators, with the priest or Legba presiding over specific activities. Early followers of Voodoo in the United States adopted the image of the Catholic saints to their spirits. Other Catholic practices adopted into Louisiana Voodoo include reciting the Hail Mary and the Lordâ€™s Prayer. <h3>Hoodoo</h3> Many superstitions also related to the practice of Hoodoo, developed within the Voodoo tradition in Louisiana. While these superstitions are not central to the Voodoo faith, their emergence has been partly a result of Voodoo tradition in New Orleans and have since influenced it significantly. In Hoodoo herbalism, the "cure-all" was very popular among followers. The cure-all was a Hoodoo mixture that could solve all problems. Hoodoo's herbal healing system included a variety of ingredients for cure-alls; one recipe was to mix jimson weed with sulfur and honey. The mixture was placed in a glass, which was rubbed against a black cat, and then the mixture was slowly sipped. The Hoodoo doll is a form of gris-gris and an example of sympathetic magic. Contrary to popular belief, Hoodoo dolls are usually used to bless and have no power to curse. The purpose of sticking pins in the doll is not to cause pain in the person the doll is associated with, but rather to pin a picture of a person or a name to the doll, which traditionally represents a spirit. The gris-gris is performed from one of four categories: love; power and domination; luck and finance; and uncrossing. Hoodoo practitioners have used different tools all throughout the history of the practice to solve their customerâ€™s ailments. The specific name for the items is gris-gris. Examples of this include: Five Finger Grass, Dragon Blood Sticks, Dixie Love Perfume and Brimstone. Five Finger Grass was a leaf split into five sections. The belief was that if hung in oneâ€™s house it would ward off any evil. Dragon Blood Sticks have been said to bring good luck when it comes to terms of money, business, and love. If someone kept this close on their person they claimed luck found its way to them. Dixie Love Perfume is a fragrance that has been known to create a fire in men and encourage love and romance. Brimstone is used to keep away evil spirits and counteract spells that have been casted on customersâ€™ households. It is also burned within rooms that need to be deodorized. All of these items could be found at your local hoodoo shops and each cost twenty-five cents. The shop owners will not claim that any of these things will actually occur if you buy their products, it is up to the customerâ€™s interpretation. Many of the items found in these shops also required the user to go through a process before they used the item, such as washing their hands in â€œTwo Jacks Extract.â€ Only hoodoo shops have been known to sell these supplies. Many voodoo practitioners were believed to be afraid of these hoodoo items. <h3>Voodoo and Spiritualism</h3> The hallmark of the New Orleans Spiritualist churches is honoring of the Native American spirit Black Hawk, who lived in Illinois and Wisconsin. The New Orleans Spiritualist religion is a blend of Spiritualism, Vodun, Catholicism, and Pentecostalism. The Voodoo-influenced Spiritualist churches that survive in New Orleans are the result of syncretism of these and other spiritual practices. Singing, among other rituals, is key to voodoo worship and songs have been passed down orally from one generation to the next for hundreds of years. Songs would be accompanied by patting, clapping and foot stomping, but never actual drums, unless it was part of the weekly public ceremony in Congo Square. Songs are sung to give descriptions of personalities for the deities such as their names, likes and dislikes, origin, responsibilities, strengths and weaknesses among others. Sometimes they are sung to address the deists and sometimes they are sung as if it were the deists speaking. Many songs mirror tunes of the Catholic Church as well as associate the Catholic Saints with African deists. There are only two ways a new song would be added to the voodoo repertoire. The first being if someone heard it in a dream, because it is thought of as being a spiritâ€™s revelation and the second was being if a person is in a possessed trance and asks the people around them to sing it and memorize it, coming straight from a spirit. There are four phases to a voodoo ritual, all identifiable by the song being sung; preparation, invocation, possession and farewell. The songs are used to open the gate between the deists and the human world and invite the spirits to possess someone. <h3>Voodoo and racism</h3> In 1800s Louisiana white newspapers would intentionally distort and pervert Voodoo practices in order to create a demeaning picture of Africans. Rumors of animal sacrifices, zombies, and spirits were circulated. They would create sensationalized stories of depraved acts Voodoo had driven black people to commit. In general Voodoo was used to paint a picture of black people as superstitious primitives. White people would exploit these distorted images of Voodoo to make it appear black people were not capable of voting or holding office. 'White' Christianity was viewed as superior to 'black' Voodoo and used to support the argument for segregation. Even in the 1900s Hollywood has presented Voodoo in the context of racist stereotypes. <h2>References</h2> <h2>External links</h2> <img alt="I Shalt Become - Louisiana Voodoo - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The ... - Nov 3, 2013 ... Louisiana Voodoo Â· I Shalt Become. Type: Full-length; Release date: October 29th, 2013; Catalog ID: #001; Version desc.: 6-panel-digipak." src="http://www.metal-archives.com/images/3/9/2/4/392499.jpg?0238" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Louisiana Voodoo - I Shalt Become - Louisiana Voodoo - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The ..."> <ul><li>New Orleans Historic Voodoo Museum</li> </ul></h2> <img alt="From Benin to Bourbon Street: A Brief History of Louisiana Voodoo ... - Oct 5, 2014 ... Ancestors are invoked for their wisdom and protection, and Louisiana voodoo seems to have been a matriarchal entity, with voodoo queensÂ ..." src="http://assets.noisey.com/content-images/article/from-benin-to-bourbon-street-a-brief-history-of-louisiana-voodoo/voodoo-spiritual-temple_vice_970x435.jpg" style="width:100%;display:block;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" title="Louisiana Voodoo - From Benin to Bourbon Street: A Brief History of Louisiana Voodoo ...">

Louisiana Voodoo - New Orleans Historic Voodoo Museum

Louisiana Voodoo , also known as New Orleans Voodoo , describes a set of spiritual folkways that originated from the traditions of the Afric...

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